South Brunswick To Sports (New Jersey)

South Brunswick. 41-square-mile township in Middlesex County. Incorporated as South Brunswick Township in 1798, it then included Cranbury and Plainsboro townships, which were broken off in 1872 and 1919, respectively. Located in the southwest corner of Middlesex County between Route 27 and Cranbury Road, Dutch and English settlers established the villages of Kingston, Cross Roads (Dayton), and Deans along popular eighteenth-century travel routes. Agriculture predominated until the mid-igoos, abetted by rich soils and transportation advantages from the Delaware and Raritan Canal at Kingston and the Straight Turnpike (now U.S. Route i). Railroad lines from three directions led to the creation of Monmouth Junction about i860. Current development and land use change began with the Kendall Park housing development about 1957.

Today, immigrants from around the world are contributing to South Brunswick?s ethnic and religious diversity. Residential areas predominate in the western half of the township with farms and office-research facilities, particularly warehousing by New Jersey Turnpike Exit 8A predominating in the eastern half.

Population in 2000 was 37,734. This represented a 46 percent increase in population since 1990. The township in 2000 was 70 percent white, 8 percent black, and i8 percent Asian. The 2000 median household income was $78,737.

South Hackensack. 0.7-square-mile township in Bergen County. South Hackensack Township is the surviving remnant of Lodi Township, which it officially replaced in 1935. The original township encompassed all of southern Bergen County from the Passaic to the Hackensack River when it was created in i825, but almost immediately began diminishing. From i840 on, parts of Lodi Township broke away into new municipalities, leaving three unconnected parcels that became South Hackensack?the main area south of Hackensack, the Garfield Park section sandwiched between Lodi and Wood-Ridge, and a small wedge between Moonachie and Carlstadt.

South Hackensack is known for its former flamboyant mayor, Sebastian Ruta, who was mayor for twenty-five years and almost single-handedly pulled the township out of bankruptcy during the 1930s. Truck farms covered much of South Hackensack?s acreage until the i940s. Afterward, new housing and many industries filled in the vacant land near Teterboro Airport and the Hackensack River, providing taxes for the town and jobs and homes for its residents. Its population increased from i,24i in i940 to a peak of 2,4i2 in 1970. In 2000, the population of 2,249 was 83 percent white, primarily of Italian and Czech ancestry; 6 percent Asian; and 15 percent Hispanic (Hispanics may be of any race). The 2000 median household income was $57,9i7. For complete census figures, see chart, i36.

South Harrison. 15.8-square-mile township in Gloucester County. Swedes arrived during the seventeenth century and set up small farming communities. The Europeans who followed were also attracted to land that was situated close to Raccoon Creek and Olman?s Creek, good water sources for farming. The township was taken from Harrison and given its present name in honor of the tenth president of the United States, William Henry Harrison, in 1882. Today, South Harrison remains primarily a small rural farming area with a population spread out on dairy farms and on rolling acres of apple and peach orchards. Its location not far from Philadelphia and Atlantic City makes South Harrison a popular destination for sightseers who come in the spring to see the peach blossoms that blanket the area. Farms and single-family homes are predominant. In 2000, the population of 2,417 was 93 percent white. The median household income in 2000 was $68,491.

South Orange. 2.7-square-mile village in Essex County. The first European settlers were part of the same group of Puritans who left Connecticut to settle Newark in 1666. By 1678 the area of the village extended from the East Branch of the Rahway River to the top of South Mountain. South Orange was part of Newark until i806, when Orange Township was created. In 1869 the Village of South Orange was incorporated, in i922 the Township of Maplewood separated from South Orange, and in i977 the Township of South Orange Village was created.

The most influential settler in the village was New York Attorney John Gorham Vose, who purchased a home on Scotland Road in i858 and encouraged the development of the distinguished residences of the Montrose section. Only fifteen miles from New York City, transportation connections were an important factor in transforming South Orange from a farming community into a residential commuter suburb. By i836 the Morris and Essex Railroad began operating a horse-drawn car between the village and Orange?this is now the Morris and Essex line of New Jersey Transit. In i860 Seton Hall College, since 1950 Seton Hall University, moved from Madison to South Orange.

In 2000 the population numbered i6,964 and was 60 percent white and 3i percent black. The 2000 median household income was $83,6ii.

South Plainfield. 8.3-square-mile borough in northern Middlesex County. Sampton, the scene of skirmishing between British and American forces during the American Revolution, and Brooklyn, were early villages, in addition to Towtown and New Brooklyn, the site of its first post office in i877. The community?s name was changed to South Plainfield a decade later. Incorporated in 1926, the borough was formerly part of Piscataway Township.

The Lehigh Valley Railroad once exerted a major influence on the town, employing Irish immigrants who eventually settled there. Harris Structural Steel established a fabricating facility in the borough in 1910, played a major role in World War II activities, and helped to change the farm-based economy into an industrial one. Hadley Field was the scene of the first transatlantic mail flight in i925 and Bendix Aviation tested many of its experimental planes there. Nike battery NY-65, an active installation until 1971, was erected next to the field in 1961. Hadley Field now lies under Route 287 and a shopping center. The radio industry also played an important role in the community?s development; the Cornell-Dublier Company manufactured condensers for that device and employed many residents. Today, South Plainfield is home to manufacturers of chemicals, electrical machinery, structural steel, and toys.

The 2000 population of 2i,8i0 was 78 percent white, 9 percent black, and 8 percent Asian. The median household income in 2000 was $67,466.

South River. 2.8-square-mile borough in Middlesex County. Settled in 1720, it was originally known as South River Landing, then Willettstown (in honor of the founder), Washington (in honor of George Washington), and finally adopted the current name in 1870. South River separated from East Brunswick Township when it was incorporated as a borough in 1898.

Lying on the south bank of the South River, a tributary of the Raritan River, it once served as a stage and boat station for a major transportation line, and an important transportation and shipping link between New York and Philadelphia. Sand and clay mining were among the earliest industries, and from these developed brick, tile, and pottery manufacturing. Textile and clothing manufacture also played a significant role in the development of the municipality.

Present-day South River is a largely residential, suburban community. The population is diverse, coming from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, with the largest concentrations being Polish, Italian, German, Irish, and Portuguese. In 2000, the population of 15,322 was 84 percent white, 6 percent black, and 10 percent Hispanic (Hispanics may be of any race). The median household income in 2000 was $52,324. For complete census figures, see chart, 136.

South Toms River. 1.16-square-mile borough in Ocean County. South Toms River was formally part of greater Toms River, the county seat, until 1875, when it became part of Berkeley Township in Ocean County. Then in 1927, South Toms River was incorporated as a borough.

South Toms River was an early industrial area. In 1760, the first sawmill was erected on the Toms River and more sawmills followed. Mill owner William Giberson built row houses for his workers. A gristmill, iron foundry, and a talcum powder mill were added to the factory town. A Mormon church was built in 1845 and had 117 members. Many left in the 1852 exodus to Salt Lake City, and the church closed in 1870. In 1887, a resident, Simon Lake, invented the first oceangoing submarine, the Argonaut Junior. In the 1920s, Albert Greim built Birdsville, a Moorish-style building out of poured concrete. There he operated a workshop for the manufacture of rustic birdhouses and an Episcopal wedding chapel. After World War II, poultry farming and feed businesses dominated a rural landscape, which soon gave way to suburbia.

The population in i960 was 400. Forty years later (2000) the population of 3,634 was 73 percent white and 2i percent black. The median household income in 2000 was $43,468.

Space Farms Zoo and Museum.Space Farms Zoo houses over five hundred animals of more than one hundred different species, including the world?s largest private collection of North American wildlife. Residents range from New Jersey natives such as bobcats, foxes, and deer to rarer breeds such as jaguars, llamas, and yaks. The museum complex?s eleven buildings contain a diversified collection of Americana, including old cars, carriages, sleighs, toys, a miniature circus, a country store, and an antique hand-operated merry-go-round.

The 425-acre site devotes more than one hundred acres to the zoo and museum. The remainder is used to produce the i50 tons of grain and i00 tons of hay needed to feed the animals each year.

Space Farms had its origins in 1927. To supplement his income, Ralph Space worked for the New Jersey State Game Department trapping farm animal predators. Rather than kill the animals, Space built small enclosures around his garage?and the zoo was born. Elizabeth Space opened a country store and, during the Depression, farmers "paid? with their family heirlooms, intending to reclaim them. Soon, people were coming to see both the animals and the antiques. Presently run by the third generation of Spaces, the complex is located in Sussex County.

Spanish-American War. During the Spanish-American War, New Jersey furnished four regiments of volunteer infantry to the U.S. Army and two battalions of its Naval Reserve to the U.S. Navy. In addition, New Jerseyans served in the regular army and in the Volunteer Signal Corps.

The largest component of New Jersey?s contingent comprised the First, Second, Third, and Fourth New Jersey Regiments of U.S. Volunteers. About two-thirds of New Jersey?s approximately forty-four hundred National Guard officers and men joined these infantry regiments. They were reinforced by additional recruits who joined directly from civilian life.

Mustered into federal service in the state camp at Sea Girt, the four regiments trained and did garrison duty in the United States. New Jersey men also served in a company of the U.S. Volunteer Signal Corps that was raised in the state.

Although none of the New Jersey volunteer regiments saw combat, men from New Jersey fought in Cuba in regular army units, and three of them received the Medal of Honor: Sergeant Alexander M. Quinn of the Thirteenth U.S. Infantry, born in Passaic, and two African Americans from Paterson, Privates William H. Tompkins and George H. Wanton of the Tenth U.S. Cavalry.

Members of New Jersey?s two Naval Reserve battalions served on three navy ships: the monitor USS Montauk and the auxiliary vessels USS Badger and USS Resolute. The Montauk was stationed at Portland, Maine, throughout the war. The other two vessels took part in the blockade of Cuba and in operations against Santiago de Cuba and Manzanillo.

On the home front, civilian groups, including many women, were active in caring for sick soldiers brought back to Sea Girt. They also raised money to assist the families of National Guardsmen who suffered economic hardship during the war.

Sparta. 38.48-square-mile township in Sussex County. Sparta was setoff from portions of Hardyston, Frankford, Newton, and Byram townships in i845. Located partly in the Highlands and partly in the Wallkill Valley, both agriculture and mineral industries historically played important roles in the township. A number of iron forges operated in Sparta. In the i890s, Thomas Edison established a massive iron ore extraction plant on Sparta Mountain, which was a technological success but a financial failure. In i926, the Wallkill River was impounded to create Lake Mohawk, an early and important lake community in Sussex County. Its central shopping district, White Deer Plaza, is architecturally noteworthy and listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places. In the later part of the twentieth century, highway access to Routes i5 and Interstate 80 have made Sparta a desirable and affluent bedroom suburb, and many large homes have been built.

The 2000 population was 18,080; the residents were 97 percent white. The 2000 median household income was $89,835.

Special education. Title 6A, Chapter 14, is the current New Jersey administrative code for special education, super ceding the state?s first comprehensive special education law, Title 6, Chapter 28 (1967). Prior to 1967 some students with special needs attended public school, but there was no consistency in how or where those services were provided. The current code is the state?s version of the federal special education law, the Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1997 (IDEA), and was adopted in June 1998. The code details who is entitled to receive special education services, program options, and procedures associated with the provision of services.

Children between the ages of three and twenty-one are entitled to receive a free and appropriate public education and related services. These services are to be provided in the least-restrictive environment, existing on a continuum from full inclusion in a public school to an approved private school, without cost to the parent. "Related services? are items such as transportation, speech and audiology services, psychological services, physical and occupational therapy, recreation, and school nursing services.

Thirteen disability categories are cited in the code. In order to be considered eligible for special education and related services, a student must have one or more of the disabilities, which must adversely affect his or her educational performance. The categories are: 1) auditory impaired; 2) autistic; 3) cognitively impaired; 4) communication impaired; 5) emotionally disturbed; 6) multiply disabled; 7) orthopedically impaired; 8) other health impaired; 9) preschool handicapped; 10) social maladjustment; 11) specific learning disability; 12) traumatic brain injury; and 13) visually impaired. The code specifies that children can not be considered eligible for services if their learning problem is due to a lack of instruction in reading or math or to limited English proficiency.

When a child is evaluated for eligibility, a child study team composed of a school psychologist, a learning disability teacher consultant, and a school social worker gather data from multiple settings using a wide array of assessment tools. Disability specialists, like a speech therapist, can provide additional information for the evaluation. When all the data have been collected, a meeting is called between the child study team, the parents, and the child (if appropriate). The results of the evaluation are discussed amongst the participants and a decision is made regarding eligibility for services and the classification category that will be used.

The code mandates that each child considered eligible for special education must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP).

The program consists of long-term goals and short-term objectives. Statements about how much time students will spend in specialized settings and general education settings on a daily basis are also included in the IEP. In addition, when a child is fourteen years old or older, the IEP must have goals and objectives for transition from school to the community.

Spencer, Lilly Martin (b. Nov. 26,1822; d. May 22, 1902). Painter. A renowned mid-nineteenth-century genre painter, Lilly Martin Spencer (christened Angelique Marie Martin) was born in Exeter, England. She was the eldest daughter of Gilles and Angelique Perrine LePetit Martin, French language teachers from Brittany. In 1830, the family immigrated to New York City. In 1833, after Gilles accepted a teaching position at the Marietta Collegiate Institute and the Western Teacher?s Seminary, the family moved to Marietta, Ohio.

Adherents of progressive causes, including woman suffrage, the Martins encouraged the talents of their children. Lilly, largely self-taught, was influenced by two local artists, Sala Bosworth and Charles Sullivan, both of whom had studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In 1841, Sullivan arranged for Spencer?s first exhibition in the rectory of Saint Luke?s Episcopal Church, which attracted the attention of the Cincinnati philanthropist Nicholas Longworth. Although Longworth offered to send her East to study, Spencer declined in favor of moving to Cincinnati with her father, where she met the artist James Beard and took lessons from John Insco Williams. After a Cincinnati exhibition of her work, Longworth offered to underwrite a trip to Paris, but Spencer again declined owing to Longworth?s requirement that she spend seven years copying European works. She remained in Cincinnati for the next eight years, maintaining a studio in the Western Art Union Building.

Lilly Martin Spencer, War Spirit at Home, 1866. Oil on canvas, 30 x 32 in.

On August 24,1844, Lilly married Benjamin Rush Spencer, an English tailor, who soon gave up his own occupation to prepare canvases and frames for his wife. After concluding that New York City would offer better educational opportunities and patronage, the Spencers, along with their first son, Benjamin Martin, made the move in 1848. In the same year, Lilly exhibited her first work at the National Academy of Design (The Water Spirit, unlo-cated) and sold two paintings to the American Art-Union. In 1851, she was made an honorary member of the National Academy and soon produced some of her finest genre paintings, including The Young Husband: First Marketing (1854, private collection). She also expanded her repertoire to other subject matter, including the allegorical and the literary.

In 1858, after the birth of several children (they reportedly had thirteen; seven lived to adulthood), the Spencers moved to 461 High Street in Newark, where Lilly established a studio. In partial payment of rent to the owner, Marcus L. Ward, Spencer painted the life-sized portrait, Four Children of Marcus Ward (c. 18581860, Newark Museum). During the Civil War, she also expanded her subject matter to include historical genre, as in War Spirit at Home (1866, Newark Museum), which includes some of her own children. Her Newark period, which lasted until 1879, when she moved to Highland, New York, appears to have been her most prolific.

Throughout her career, Lilly Martin Spencer exhibited widely at venues including the National Academy of Design, the Boston Athenaeum, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the Brooklyn Art Association. In the early twenty-first century, her works are found in numerous public and private collections.

Spong, John Shelby (b. June 16,1931).Bishop, author, lecturer, and theologian. John Shelby Spong was born and attended public schools in Charlotte, North Carolina. He received an A.B. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1952) and an M.Div. from Virginia Theological Seminary (1955). Spong was rector of parishes in Durham (1955) and Tarboro, North Carolina (i960), and Lynchburg (1965) and Richmond (1969), Virginia, before becoming bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Newark (1976-2000). From this pulpit, Spong entered into a lively dialogue with conservative Christians on controversial matters of faith, modernity, and social justice. Spong has not shied away from sophisticated attempts to define essential Christian values for the American public. As a writer, he has renewed exploration of Scripture as a source of reflection on divinity as revealed in historical and cultural contexts. He has challenged prescientific Catholic doctrines (for example, the virgin birth, the resurrection of the body) that undermine the Church?s credibility as a voice of conscience in the modern world. Spong drew on the lessons of an earlier involvement in civil rights advocacy when, as bishop of Newark, he skillfully exploited modern media outlets to reach "Christians in exile? and to promote civil and ecclesiastical rights for women, gays, and lesbians. Among his eighteen books are Born of a Woman (1992), Why Christianity Must Change or Die (1998), and Rescuing the Bible from Fundamentalism (1998).

Sports. From archery and auto racing to volleyball and Greco-Roman wrestling? and everything in between?New Jersey offers a variety of scholastic, collegiate, professional, semiprofessional, and recreational sports. Spectators can choose professional basketball (the Nets), ice hockey (the Devils), soccer (the New York/New Jersey Metro-Stars), or lacrosse (the Pride in Montclair). And, although no professional football team bears the state?s name, the New York Giants and New York Jets play at the Meadowlands. The state also lacks a major league baseball team but boasts eight minor league teams: the Atlantic City Surf, the Camden Riversharks, the Lakewood Blue Claws, the Newark Bears, the New Jersey Cardinals (Augusta), the New Jersey Jackals (Little Falls), the Somerset Patriots (Bridgewater), and the Trenton Thunder. There are two New Jersey teams in the East Coast Hockey League, the Atlantic City Boardwalk Bullies and the Trenton Titans. For minor league soccer, there are the New Jersey Stallions, the North Jersey Imperials, the Central Jersey Riptides, and the South Jersey Barrons. Spectators with more exotic tastes can watch the New Jersey Sharks, a professional rugby team that plays in Philadelphia, or the Gladiators, who play arena football in East Rutherford.

Individual New Jerseyans have made it into various national Halls of Fame; others are enshrined in the state Hall of Fame. Some stars have achieved international fame. New Jersey sent the former NBA star Bill Bradley, who played with the New York Knicks, to the United States Senate. Olympian Carl Lewis hails from Willingboro, and baseball great Yogi Berra, master of the malapropism, sponsors an annual golf tournament from his current hometown of Montclair. Roosevelt Grier, a professional football great who became a minister, attended high school in Roselle. Other pro football players from the Garden State include Deron Cherry of Palmyra, who attended Rutgers University, and Franco Harris, born at Fort Dix and a graduate of Rancocas Valley Regional High School in Mount Holly. Legendary gridiron coach Vince Lombardi taught and coached football, basketball, and baseball in Englewood from 1939 to 1947. As of 2002, two New Jerseyans were running pro leagues: NFL Commissioner Paul J. Tagliabue, who was born in Jersey City and attended high school in Union City; and NBA Commissioner David J. Stern, a graduate of Rutgers University. In baseball, the state helped break the professional color barrier when Jackie Robinson became the first black minor leaguer at Jersey City?s Roosevelt Stadium in 1946, the season before he broke the major league barrier. Larry Doby, the first African American player in the American League, began his professional career with the Newark Eagles, who won the Negro League championship in i946. He entered the major leagues four months after Robinson did. Another color barrier-breaking athlete with ties to the state was Althea Gibson, the first black tennis player to win at Forest Hills and Wimbledon. Following a stellar tennis career and a successful stint in the Ladies Professional Golf Tournament, she became manager at the East Orange Department of Recreation. Paul Robeson, though better known as an actor, was an outstanding athlete who lettered in football, baseball, and track at Rutgers. He was born in Princeton, the son of a former slave. Marvelous Marvin Hagler, a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, was born in Newark. Another pugilist, so proud of his roots that he included the state in his name, was Jersey Joe Walcott. Walcott came from Mer-chantville and served as Camden County sheriff under his given name, Arnold Cream.

There are several tracks in the state catering to a variety of auto racing interests, including Atco Raceway, Old Bridge Township Raceway Park, Bridgeport Speedway, and East Windsor Speedway. New Jersey short-track auto racing produced Indianapolis 500 veteran Wally Dallenbach of New Brunswick, whose son, Wally Jr., was a top star in the Sports Car Club of America?s (SCCA) Trans-Am series and raced in the Winston Cup Series run by NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) before becoming a NASCAR analyst for NBC.

New Jersey has had several sports firsts beyond the breaking of the baseball color barrier. Princeton University was the site of the first collegiate cross-country national championship, and early high school championships were held in Newark. According to the Sports Hall of Fame of New Jersey, the first baseball game ever played under modern rules was held on June i9, i846, at Elysian Fields in Hoboken, and in i869 Rutgers and Princeton played the nation?s first intercollegiate football game. In 1941 the Babe Ruth Baseball League was founded in Hamilton Township. Rutgers hired the first full-time women?s basketball coach?Theresa Grentz?in 1976. Grentz is in the Women?s Basketball Hall of Fame, along with the later Rutgers coach C. Vivian Stringer and two stars of the New Jersey Gems of the Women?s Basketball League, Carol Blazejowski, a graduate of Montclair State College, and Ann Meyers Drysdale.

For millions of New Jerseyans, however, a sporting day is one spent fishing the state?s streams and rivers or the Atlantic Ocean. Hunting is important to many sportsmen and women, and there are five groups that practice the ancient patrician sport of fox hunting.

Organized youth leagues and camps for soccer, football, baseball, and basketball prepare many youngsters for scholastic and collegiate careers. The New Jersey State In-terscholastic Athletic Association, which governs scholastic sports, holds championships each year in thirty-one categories. Girls compete for titles in basketball, bowling, cross country, fencing, field hockey, golf, gymnastics, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, outdoor and winter track, and volleyball. For boys, champions are crowned in baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer,swimming, tennis, outdoor and indoor track, volleyball, and wrestling. The state?s colleges and universities also offer a multitude of sports. Princeton leads the way with eighteen for women and twenty for men. Collegiate women?s opportunities range from the standard sports (basketball, track and field, volleyball, and field hockey) to the unusual (crew, fencing, squash, and water polo). Men?s sports include football, baseball, basketball, and golf. In recent decades, interest in women?s sports has increased, with soccer and basketball, perhaps, the most popular. Women have also ventured into rarer activities. Several colleges sponsor women?s rugby teams, and the state has had at least two professional women?s teams besides the Gems: the New Jersey Nemesis (baseball) and the South Jersey Demons (ice hockey). The New Jersey Women?s Sports Association guides opportunities for women and girls of all ages and levels of fitness. State teams won Little League World Series Championships in 1949, 1970, 1975, and 1998, and the Special Olympics program offers a wide array of opportunities for youngsters with special needs.

Atlantic City casinos sponsor championship boxing, and surfers can catch a wave along miles of shoreline. For those not competing in high school or college, golf courses abound for men and women who just want to stay in shape or have fun. Skiing and snow-boarding are also popular pastimes.

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