Tuesday, April 30, 2013

Brief hearing held in suspicious letters case

OXFORD, Miss. (AP) ? A Mississippi man appeared briefly in court Monday on a charge that he made a deadly poison that was sent in letters to President Barack Obama, a senator and a judge.

James Everett Dutschke was brought to federal court in Oxford wearing an orange jumpsuit with his hands shackled. The 41-year-old suspect said little during the brief hearing other than to answer the judge's questions about whether he understood the charges against him. He said he did.

Dutschke's arrest early Saturday on a charge of making and possessing ricin capped a week in which investigators initially zeroed in on a rival of Dutschke's, then decided they had the wrong man. Dutschke has denied involvement in the mailing of the letters, saying he's a patriot with no grudges against anyone.

The judge ordered Dutschke to remain jailed until a preliminary and detention hearing scheduled for Thursday. More details are likely to emerge at that hearing, when prosecutors have to show they have enough evidence to hold him.

An attorney from the public defender's office appointed to represent Dutschke declined to comment after Monday's hearing. Another attorney who had been representing Dutschke, Lori Nail Basham, no longer is.

Dutschke's house, business and vehicles in Tupelo, Miss., were searched last week, often by crews in hazardous materials suits, and he had been under surveillance.

He faces up to life in prison if convicted. A news release from federal authorities said Dutschke (pronounced DUHS'-kee) was charged with "knowingly developing, producing, stockpiling, transferring, acquiring, retaining and possessing a biological agent, toxin and delivery system, for use as a weapon, to wit: ricin."

He already had legal problems. Earlier this month, he pleaded not guilty in state court to two child molestation charges involving three girls younger than 16. He also was appealing a conviction on a different charge of indecent exposure. He told The Associated Press last week that his lawyer told him not to comment on those cases.

The letters, which tests showed were tainted with ricin, were sent April 8 to Obama, U.S. Sen. Roger Wicker of Mississippi and Mississippi judge Sadie Holland.

The first suspect accused by the FBI was Paul Kevin Curtis, 45, an Elvis impersonator. He was arrested on April 17 at his Corinth, Miss., home, but the charges were dropped six days later and Curtis, who says he was framed, was released from jail.

The focus then turned to Dutschke, who has ties to the former suspect and the judge. Earlier in the week, as investigators searched his primary residence in Tupelo, Dutschke told the AP, "I don't know how much more of this I can take."

"I'm a patriotic American. I don't have any grudges against anybody. ... I did not send the letters," Dutschke said.

Curtis' attorney, Christi McCoy, said Saturday: "We are relieved but also saddened. This crime is nothing short of diabolical. I have seen a lot of meanness in the past two decades, but this stops me in my tracks."

Some of the language in the letters was similar to posts on Curtis' Facebook page and they were signed, "I am KC and I approve this message." Curtis often used a similar online signoff.

Dutschke and Curtis were acquainted. Curtis said they had talked about possibly publishing a book on a conspiracy that Curtis insists he has uncovered to sell body parts on a black market. But he said they later had a feud.

Curtis' attorneys have said they believe their client was set up. An FBI agent testified that no evidence of ricin was found in searches of Curtis' home. Curtis attorney Hal Neilson said the defense gave authorities a list of people who may have had a reason to hurt Curtis and Dutschke's came up.

Judge Holland also is a common link between the two men, and both know Wicker.

Holland was the presiding judge in a 2004 case in which Curtis was accused of assaulting a Tupelo attorney a year earlier. Holland sentenced him to six months in the county jail. He served only part of the sentence, according to his brother.

Holland's family has had political skirmishes with Dutschke. Her son, Steve Holland, a Democratic state representative, said he thinks his mother's only encounter with Dutschke was at a rally in the town of Verona in 2007, when Dutschke ran as a Republican against Steve Holland.

Holland said his mother confronted Dutschke after he made a derogatory speech about the Holland family. She demanded that he apologize, which Holland says he did.

Dutschke said Steve Holland exaggerated the incident, and that he has no problem with Sadie Holland. "Everybody loves Sadie, including me," he said.

___

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/brief-hearing-held-suspicious-letters-case-150754186.html

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Neuroscientists use statistical model to draft fantasy teams of neurons

Apr. 29, 2013 ? This past weekend teams from the National Football League used statistics like height, weight and speed to draft the best college players, and in a few weeks, armchair enthusiasts will use similar measures to select players for their own fantasy football teams. Neuroscientists at Carnegie Mellon University are taking a similar approach to compile "dream teams" of neurons using a statistics-based method that can evaluate the fitness of individual neurons.

After assembling the teams, a computer simulation pitted the groups of neurons against one another in a playoff-style format to find out which population was the best. Researchers analyzed the winning teams to see what types of neurons made the most successful squads.

The results were published in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences the week of April 29.

"We wanted to know what team of neurons would be most likely to perform best in response to a variety of stimuli," said Nathan Urban, the Dr. Frederick A. Schwertz Distinguished Professor of Life Sciences and head of the Department of Biological Sciences at Carnegie Mellon.

The human brain contains more than 100 billion neurons that work together in smaller groups to complete certain tasks like processing an odor, or seeing a color. Previous work by Urban's lab found that no two neurons are exactly alike and that diverse teams of neurons were better able to determine a stimulus than teams of similar neurons.

"The next step in our work was to figure out how to assemble the best possible population of neurons in order to complete a task," said Urban, who is also a member of the joint Carnegie Mellon/University of Pittsburgh Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC).

However, using existing methods, scouting for the best team of neurons was a seemingly daunting task. It would be impossible for scientists to determine how each of the billions of neurons in the brain would individually respond to a multitude of stimuli. Urban and Shreejoy Tripathy, the article's lead author and graduate student in the CNBC's Program in Neural Computation, solved this problem using a statistical modeling approach, known as generalized linear models (GLMs), to analyze the cell-to-cell variability. Urban and Tripathy found that by applying this approach they were able to accurately reproduce the behavior of individual neurons in a computer, allowing them to gather statistics on each single cell.

Then, much like in fantasy football, the computer model used the statistics to put together thousands of teams of neurons. The teams competed against one another in a computer simulation to see which were able to most accurately recreate a stimulus delivered to the team of neurons. In the end researchers identified a small set of teams that they could study to see what characteristics made those populations successful.

They found that the winning teams of neurons were diverse but not as diverse as they would be if they were selected at random from the general population of neurons. The most successful sets contained a heterogeneous group of neurons that were flexible and able to respond well to a variety of stimuli.

"You can't have a football team made up of only linebackers. You need linebackers and tight ends, a quarterback and a kicker. But, the players can't just be random people off of the street; they all need to be good athletes. And you need to draft for positions, not just the best player available. If your best player is a quarterback -- you don't take another quarterback with your first pick," Urban said. "It's the same with neurons. To make the most effective grouping of neurons, you need a diverse bunch that also happens to be more robust and flexible than your average neuron."

Urban believes that GLMs can be used to further understand the importance of neuronal diversity. He plans to use the models to predict how alterations in the variability of neurons' responses, which can be caused by learning or disease, impact function.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Carnegie Mellon University, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Shreejoy J. Tripathy, Krishnan Padmanabhan, Richard C. Gerkin, and Nathaniel N. Urban. Intermediate intrinsic diversity enhances neural population coding. PNAS, April 29, 2013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221214110

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/UpRHO-B1TAY/130429154105.htm

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Muslim victims of Myanmar unrest face uncertain future

By Jared Ferrie

MEIKHTILA, Myanmar, April 30 - In Myanmar's central heartlands, justice and security is elusive for thousands of Muslims who lost their homes in a deadly rampage by Buddhist mobs in March.

Many are detained in prison-like camps, unable to return to neighborhoods and businesses razed in four days of violence in Meikhtila that killed at least 43 people, most of them Muslims, displaced nearly 13,000, and touched off a wave of anti-Muslim unrest fuelled by radical Buddhist monks.

"It's for their own security," said a police officer at a camp inside a sports stadium on Meikhtila's outskirts. The camp holds more than 1,600 people guarded by police with orders not to let them leave, said the officer, who declined to give his name.

A dawn-to-dusk curfew has been in force in Meikhtila since the government declared martial law on March 22. Skeletal walls and piles of rubble are all that remain of Muslim homes and businesses that once covered several blocks at the heart of the town of 100,000 people in the center of Myanmar.

Trials have begun, but so far only Muslims stand accused, raising fears that courts will further aggravate religious tension by ignoring the Buddhist ringleaders of the violence.

The unrest and the combustible sectarian relations behind it are one of the biggest tests of Myanmar's reform-minded government, which took power in March 2011 after almost half a century of hardline military rule.

Myanmar is a predominantly Buddhist country, but about 5 percent of its 60 million people are Muslim. They face a growing campaign of anti-Islamic sentiment led by radical Buddhist monks.

An independent commission released a report on Monday saying Myanmar must urgently address the plight of Muslims displaced by sectarian bloodshed in western Rakhine State. It came in response to violence last June and October that killed at least 192 people and left 140,000 homeless, mostly stateless Rohingya Muslims in an area dominated by ethnic Rakhine Buddhists.

The trial of seven Muslim men accused of murdering a monk, believed to be the first killing in the March unrest in Meikhtila, is expected to conclude this week. Those on trial say they are innocent.

The sound of hammers ring across the city as workers dismantle what is left of the Muslim neighborhood, stone by stone. There are no signs of Muslims on the streets.

More than 8,000 Muslims are being held in seven official camps that are off-limits to journalists. Thousands more have crowded into unofficial camps in villages near Meikhtila, where police also restrict their movements and prevented them from speaking with Reuters.

Phil Robertson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch's Asia division, said detaining internally displaced people (IDP) is a violation of their rights.

"Locking people up in an IDP camp is not a substitute for providing basic security and ensuring communal peace," he said. "Even if the authorities' intent is good, they are clearly going about this the wrong way."

Spokesmen for the president's office did not respond to requests for comment.

One of the office's spokesmen, Ye Htut, has previously stressed that the monks involved in the Meikhtila violence make up only a fraction of the 500,000-strong monkhood. "All perpetrators of violence will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law," said President Thein Sein in a nationally televised speech on March 28.

Victims in relief camps "live freely and happily", reported the state-run New Light of Myanmar newspaper on April 5.

"STUDENTS ATTACKED"

The government has promised to help Muslims rebuild their homes, but reconstruction has yet to begin. Building more than 1,500 houses burned down or damaged would cost $7 million, it said.

Some Buddhist residents said returning Muslims were unwelcome.

"I can't accept living with them again, because they insulted Buddhism and a monk's blood was spilled on the ground," said Than Htun, as he waited outside a prison to see his son who was arrested for looting money from a Muslim home during the rioting.

Such hostility could influence the outcome of the ongoing murder trial, suggested Thein Than Oo, a lawyer for three of the seven Muslim accused, who believed the judge is under pressure from Buddhists to deliver a guilty verdict.

"He has to satisfy the people," he said.

He pointed to the case of the Muslim owner of a gold shop, his wife and an employee who on April 11 received 14 years without parole for theft and assault. The charges stemmed from an argument with a Buddhist customer, which sparked the first bout of rioting earlier on the day the monk was killed.

The court imposed harsh sentences due to the violence that erupted afterwards, said Thein Than Oo.

Most victims of the rioting were Muslim but no Buddhists have appeared in court. The district judge said they would be tried after the current trial ends.

Neither the judge nor the district police could say if any monks would be charged. Monks led many of the mobs, according to dozens of witnesses interviewed by Reuters.

New York-based Physicians for Human Rights called for an independent investigation into a report of a massacre at an Islamic school on March 21. The group said 32 students and four teachers were missing.

One student, Soe Min Oo, 18, said he fled with other students and teachers when the school was attacked, taking refuge with other Muslims in a nearby compound.

Soe Min Oo said the mob tossed petrol bombs into the compound until police arrived and offered to bring the nearly 200 Muslims to safety. But the few dozen officers could only protect some of them, said Soe Min Oo, pausing frequently to fight back tears.

He said the Buddhist mob hit them and threw stones as they left the compound, and those who came out last were beaten to death. He saw three friends killed.

"I've never faced anything like this situation before," said Soe Min Oo. "I feel very sad."

Soe Min Oo spoke to Reuters in a tiny Muslim village about half an hour outside Meikhtila where he was staying with family. During the interview, an official who wouldn't say who he worked for arrived on a motorcycle and demanded names and contact numbers from journalists.

Mandalay chief minister Ye Myint denied a Reuters request to visit official camps in his region, which includes Meikhtila. Immigration and police officers banned access to an unofficial camp in Yindaw, a village about a 45-minute drive from Meikhtila.

(Editing by Andrew R.C. Marshall and Robert Birsel)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/muslim-victims-myanmar-unrest-face-uncertain-future-210444903.html

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Google Now for iOS hands-on

Google Now for iOS handson

Google Now is, perhaps, one of the more compelling reasons to opt for an Android device over iOS. But, Mountain View is smart enough to realize that its big push to deliver information pre-emptively would be severely hampered if it was isolated to one platform. So, here we are, almost a year after Now debuted with the launch of Jelly Bean, and the (mis)labeled Siri competitor has finally landed on Apple's mobile OS. Obviously, to truly come to grips with a product like this, you'd need days or weeks to truly judge it, but we're familiar enough with the Android version to feel comfortable passing along our initial impressions. So head on after the break to see whether or not Google was able to replicate its virtual assistant magic on iOS.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/29/google-now-for-ios-hands-on/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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Announcing the CrunchBase Venture Network

TechCrunch Disrupt NY 2013 - Day 2We knew CrunchBase was big. We knew because there are 2 million people using the startup database each month. We knew because more than 120k people have contributed 1.6MM data points on companies, entrepreneurs, fundings, exits and more. What we didn't know, however, was what the investment community thinks about CrunchBase.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/O0N8a1Kw7lw/

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Find Out Who Wants To Be The New Gandalf In Dailies!

Someone is making a grab for Ian McKellen's role as Gandalf in "The Hobbit." While there will never be another Gandalf in our mind, this person makes a pretty good case. Also, find out how you can go to the "Star Trek Into Darkness" premiere in today's Dailies! » Do you want to go to [...]

Source: http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2013/04/29/new-gandalf-dailies/

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Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 announced with 7-inch screen, low-end specs

Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 announced with 7-inch screen, low-end specs

If an 8-inch stylus-enabled Galaxy Note wasn't your cup of tea, perhaps Samsung's new 7-inch model will hit your screen-size sweet spot. The Galaxy Tab 3 has gone official and the third iteration of the company's first Android tablet arrives with a dual-core 1.2GHz processor, 8GB or 16GB of storage (with expansion up to 64GB), a 3- and 1.3-megapixel camera array and a substantial 4,000mAh battery. That 7-inch WSVGA (1,024 x 600) TFT display suggests it's likely to be a keenly-priced slate, although we're still waiting to hear on specifics. Samsung's loaded up the Galaxy Tab 3 with Android 4.1 and says that the WiFi version will launch "globally" in May, while an incoming 3G model (no LTE at this point, but it'll be able to make calls) will follow in June.

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Via: The Verge

Source: Samsung Mobile

Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/rOIHDTII034/

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Daniel Day-Lewis Channels Another President, Barack Obama

Over the weekend, the White House Correspondents Dinner took place in Washington, D.C., and as is the tradition, it tends to be one of the more light-hearted events in the nation's capitol. Even the Presidents gets loose and cracks a few jokes. Two of the evening's special guests were the men behind "Lincoln," Steven Spielberg [...]

Source: http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2013/04/29/daniel-day-lewis-barack-obama/

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Zeta-Jones checks into mental health facility

FILE - In this Feb. 24, 2013 file photo, actors Michael Douglas, left, and Catherine Zeta-Jones arrive at the Oscars at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles. According to her publicist on Monday, April 29, 2013, Zeta-Jones has pro-actively checked into a health care facility. Previously, she has said that she is committed to periodic care in order to manage her health in an optimum manner. (Photo by Carlo Allegri/Invision/AP, File)

FILE - In this Feb. 24, 2013 file photo, actors Michael Douglas, left, and Catherine Zeta-Jones arrive at the Oscars at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles. According to her publicist on Monday, April 29, 2013, Zeta-Jones has pro-actively checked into a health care facility. Previously, she has said that she is committed to periodic care in order to manage her health in an optimum manner. (Photo by Carlo Allegri/Invision/AP, File)

FILE - In this Feb. 24, 2013 file photo, actors Michael Douglas, left, and Catherine Zeta-Jones arrive at the Oscars at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles. According to her publicist on Monday, April 29, 2013, Zeta-Jones has pro-actively checked into a health care facility. Previously, she has said that she is committed to periodic care in order to manage her health in an optimum manner. (Photo by Carlo Allegri/Invision/AP, File)

(AP) ? A spokeswoman for Catherine Zeta-Jones says the actress has "proactively" checked into a mental health facility for treatment of her bipolar condition.

Publicist Sarah Fuller said in an email to The Associated Press late Monday that Zeta-Jones "is committed to periodic care in order to manage her health in an optimum manner."

Two years ago, the 43-year-old Oscar-winner checked into a similar facility for a brief stay for treatment of her condition, known as Bipolar II. The disorder is characterized by mood swings and depressive episodes, and is commonly treated with medication and psychotherapy.

Zeta-Jones has been one of the busiest talents in show business of late, appearing in such films as "Rock of Ages," ''Playing for Keeps," ''Broken City" and "Side Effects."

The actress's most recent treatment was first reported by TMZ.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/4e67281c3f754d0696fbfdee0f3f1469/Article_2013-04-30-US-People-Catherine-Zeta-Jones/id-8f9d132be35d43e286e54dfa5e769536

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Ariz. law forces cities to resell guns from buy-back programs

By David Schwartz

PHOENIX (Reuters) - Arizona Governor Jan Brewer on Monday signed legislation forcing municipalities to resell firearms from gun buy-back programs rather than destroy them, closing a loophole in the conservative state's laws.

Brewer, a Republican and staunch gun rights advocate, signed the bill preventing local governments from melting down the weapons obtained from these popular civic events. Before the new law, the state had allowed such firearms to be destroyed.

A spokesman for Brewer could not immediately be reached for comment late on Monday.

The bill had the support of the National Rifle Association and Arizona's Republican-controlled legislature. It cleared the state Senate earlier this month by an 18-12 vote. The state House approved the bill in March.

Supporters of the measure said municipalities were wasting taxpayers' money by not realizing the revenue from reselling turned-in weapons.

Opponents argued that it sent the wrong message and that the state needed to focus on the broader issue of gun control.

"This action by the governor is not only outrageous, but it is insensitive for us now to be putting these guns back on the streets," said state Senator Steve Gallardo, a Democrat and a leading opponent of the measure. "That's just plain wrong."

The law does not specify what penalties communities would face for violating its provisions.

Arizona became a battlefront in the national gun debate after a 2011 mass shooting outside a Tucson supermarket killed six people and left U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords gravely wounded.

Giffords, who has since left Congress, and her husband, retired astronaut Mark Kelly, have been pushing for tighter gun laws, especially in the wake of the December 2012 massacre at a Connecticut school in which a gunman killed 26 people, including 20 kids.

(Editing by Dan Whitcomb and Paul Simao)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/arizona-law-forces-cities-resell-guns-buy-back-041122251.html

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Monday, April 29, 2013

Getting to the Bottom of Why Guppies Jump

When a guppy jumped out of a laboratory tank and nearly landed in her cup of tea, Daphne Soares couldn?t resist putting her current research on hold to investigate this strange leaping behavior.

"The guppy jumped from its holding tank next to my computer," Soares, an assistant professor in the department of biology at the University of Maryland in College Park, told LiveScience. "Why do they do this? It was one of those things that we were just too curious about, so we had to look into it."

Soares and her colleagues used high-speed cameras to film a group of nine male guppies from the island of Trinidad. Their research, published online April 16 in the journal PLOS ONE, suggests wild guppies use their curious jumping ability as a way to spread the species away from an original habitat, to a new place with fewer predators. In other words, jumping likely serves a crucial evolutionary function for guppies.

"It's like how dandelions spread their seeds all over ? original populations give rise to secondary populations," Soares explained. "When guppies jump, we think it has to do with this idea of biological dispersal, which refers to a species moving away from an existing population to try to colonize another patch of habitat." [10 Amazing Facts About Animals]

Guppies are known to be jumpy fish, but unlike other species (such as archer fish or sockeye salmon), they do not seem to leap out of the water to catch prey, escape from predators or overcome physical barriers during seasonal migrations.

"They just have this urge to jump," Soares said. "They don't do it out of panic, or because they're anxious about their environment. When we monitored them, they jumped when they were quiet and relaxed. Most fishes jump when they're startled, so either for migration or to avoid predators. But with guppies, it was a controlled situation when they performed this behavior."

In studying their high-speed video of leaping guppies, the researchers observed that the fish go through a short process to prepare for their jumps.

"I don't want to anthropomorphize too much, but it's almost like they have a plan," Soares said. "They stop, then use just their lateral fins to move a bit backwards, then they change direction, and when they take off from the water, they keep moving their bodies back and forth."

The scientists were also curious how far the fish could fling themselves out of the water. In some of their observed cases, guppies were able to launch themselves to heights eight times their body length, at speeds of more than 4 feet per second (1.2 meters per second).

The researchers used wild guppies for their study, so what triggers pet guppies to jump remains a bit of a mystery.

"Domesticated guppies probably maintain some of their ancestral behaviors, but I don't really know," Soares said.

And as for the guppy that nearly jumped into Soares' tea?

"Fortunately it was iced chai and it had a lid on, so he stayed alive," she said.

Follow Denise Chow on Twitter @denisechow. Follow LiveScience @livescience, Facebook?& Google+. Original article on?LiveScience.com.

Copyright 2013 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/getting-bottom-why-guppies-jump-135149307.html

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Plant gases help curb global warming, finds study

Plants respond to warming temperatures by emitting vapors that help reflect sunlight, a team of scientists have discovered.

By Eoin O'Carroll,?Staff / April 29, 2013

An aerial view of Tongass National Forest near Ketchikan, Alaska. Tongass is the largest national forest in the United States.

Melanie Stetson Freeman / The Christian Science Monitor / File

Enlarge

It's well known that plants can help mitigate global warming, by absorbing carbon dioxide and trapping it, via photosynthesis, in things like leaves, stalks, and branches.

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But it turns out that plants help cool the planet in another way, by releasing tiny particles into the atmosphere that help reflect sunlight back into space.?

Yes, it's true: Plants pass gas. A new study published in the journal Nature Geoscience found that vapors emitted by plants scatter and absorb radiation from the sun, and that they help form cloud droplets that also reflect the sun's rays.?

"Everyone knows the scent of the forest," said study co-author Ari Asmi, in a press release from the University of Helsinki. "That scent is made up of these gases." ?

The scientists measured concentrations plant vapors and other aerosols at 11 different sites around the globe ? seven in Europe, two in North America, and the others in Siberia and South Africa ? and recorded the temperature. They found that, as temperatures increased, the plants emitted more vapors, effectively responding to the warming by increasing the cooling effect.

So does that mean we are good then? Do the global cooling emissions from plants offset the global warming emissions coming from a Chevy Camaro's tailpipe?

Not quite. The scientists found that the effect of the increased plant emissions counters only about 1 percent of global warming. ?This does not save us from climate warming,? said study co-author?Pauli Paasonen, in the press release.?

But the plant gasses still might cool things for you locally, especially if you live in a rural, forested area. The study found that, in places where there is little man-made soot in the air, the effect could counteract up to 30 percent of warming.

And this discovery has the potential to improve our understanding of how and why our climate is changing. Aerosols, that is, tiny solid or liquid particles that hang in the air, are one of the least understood aspects of our atmosphere. ?"Understanding this mechanism could help us reduce those uncertainties and make the models better,? said Paasonen.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/WVWtj27aNl0/Plant-gases-help-curb-global-warming-finds-study

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Obama jokes about radical 2nd term changes

WASHINGTON (AP) ? President Barack Obama joked Saturday about his plans for a radical second-term evolution from a "strapping young Muslim Socialist" to retiree golfer, all with a new hairstyle like first lady Michelle's.

Obama used this year's annual White House Correspondents' Association dinner to poke fun at himself and some of his political adversaries, asking if it was still possible to be brought down a peg after 4? years as commander-in-chief.

Entering to the rap track "All I Do Is Win" by DJ Khaled, Obama joked about how re-election would allow him to unleash a radical agenda. But then he showed a picture of himself golfing on a mock magazine cover of "Senior Leisure."

"I'm not the strapping young Muslim Socialist that I used to be," the president remarked, and then recounted his recent 2-for-22 basketball shooting performance at the White House Easter Egg hunt.

But Obama's most dramatic shift for the next four years appeared to be aesthetic. He presented a montage of shots featuring him with bangs similar to those sometimes sported by his wife.

Obama closed by noting the nation's recent tragedies in Massachusetts and Texas, praising Americans of all stripes from first responders to local journalists for serving the public good.

Saturday night's banquet not far from the White House attracted the usual assortment of stars from Hollywood and beyond. Actors Kevin Spacey, Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Claire Danes, who play government characters on series, were among the attendees, as was Korean entertainer Psy. Several Cabinet members, governors and members of Congress were present.

And despite coming at a somber time, nearly two weeks after the deadly Boston Marathon bombing and 10 days after a devastating fertilizer plant explosion in West, Texas, the president and political allies and rivals alike took the opportunity to enjoy some humor. Late-night talk-show host Conan O'Brien headlined the event.

Some of Obama's jokes came at his Republican rivals' expense. He asked that the GOP's minority outreach begin with him as a "trial run" and said he'd take his recent charm offensive with Republicans on the road, including to a book-burning event with Rep. Michele Bachmann.

Casino magnate Sheldon Adelson would have had better success getting Obama out of office if he simply offered the president $100 million to drop out of last year's race, Obama quipped.

And on the 2016 election, the president noted in self-referential irony that potential Republican candidate Sen. Marco Rubio wasn't qualified because he hasn't even served a full term in the Senate. Obama served less than four years of his six-year Senate term before he was elected president in 2008.

The gala also was an opportunity for six journalists, including Associated Press White House Correspondent Julie Pace, to be honored for their coverage of the presidency and national issues.

The New Yorker's Ryan Lizza won the Aldo Beckman Award, which recognizes excellence in the coverage of the presidency.

Pace won the Merriman Smith Award for a print journalist for coverage on deadline.

ABC's Terry Moran was the winner of the broadcast Merriman Smith Award for deadline reporting.

Reporters Jim Morris, Chris Hamby and Ronnie Greene of the Center for Public Integrity won the Edgar A. Poe Award for coverage of issues of national significance.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/obama-jokes-radical-2nd-term-changes-023742499.html

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Sunday, April 28, 2013

Jarvis Is A Personal Assistant That Goes Beyond Siri To Embrace The Connected Home

jarvisIf you're an Iron Man fan, you already know about Jarvis, Tony Stark's personal assistant (who's either a human or a virtual AI, depending on how long you've been following the comic). Jarvis is the glue that keeps Stark's business, personal and super hero lives running smoothly.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/1dCXu2V2-EA/

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Artificial sense of touch gets smarter, lets robots really feel

Artifical sense of touch gets smarter, lets robots really feel

The verdict's still out on whether or not androids dream of electric sheep. But their ability to feel? Well, that's about to approach levels of human sensitivity. We're of course talking about the sense of touch, not emotions. And thanks to work out of Georgia Tech, tactile sensitivity for robotics, more secure e-signatures and general human-machine interaction is about to get a great 'ol boost. Through the use of thousands of piezotronic transistors (i.e., grouped vertical zinc oxide nanowires) known as "taxels," a three-person team led by Prof. Zhong Lin Wang has devised a way to translate motion into electronic signals. In other words, you're looking at a future in which robotic hands interpret the nuances of a surface or gripped object akin to a human fingertip and artificial skin senses touch similar to the way tiny hairs on an arm do.

What's more, the tech has use outside of robotics and can even be levereged for more secure e-signature verification based on speed and pressure of a user's handwriting. And the best part? These sensors can be manufactured on transparent and flexible substrates like the one pictured above, which allows for various real-world applications -- just use your imagination. Pretty soon, even robots will have the pleasure of enjoying the touch... the feel of cotton and maybe even hum that jingle to themselves, too.

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Via: MIT Technology Review

Source: Georgia Tech, Science

Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/qdRcVZxQZ8k/

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Saturday, April 27, 2013

After near-stall in late 2012, US economy picks up

WASHINGTON (AP) ? After nearly stalling in late 2012, the American economy quickened its pace early this year despite deep government cutbacks. The strongest consumer spending in two years fueled a 2.5 percent annual growth rate in the January-March quarter.

The question is: Can it last?

Federal spending cuts, higher Social Security taxes and cautious businesses are likely to weigh on the economy in coming months.

Most economists say they think growth, as measured by the gross domestic product, is slowing in the April-June quarter to an annual rate of about 2 percent. Many predict growth will hover around that subpar level for the rest of the year.

Friday's Commerce Department report on GDP showed that consumers stepped up spending at an annual rate of 3.2 percent in the January-March quarter ? the biggest such jump since the end of 2010. Growth was also helped by businesses, which responded to the greater demand by rebuilding their stockpiles. And home construction rose further.

Government spending sank at a 4.1 percent annual rate, led by another deep cut in defense.

Sal Guatieri, senior economist at BMO Capital Markets, foresees more improvement in the second half of the year.

"The second-half acceleration will be supported by improved household finances, pent-up demand for autos and the ongoing recovery in housing," Guatieri says. "We are seeing significant housing-related consumer purchases in such areas as furniture."

GDP is the broadest gauge of the economy's health. It measures the total output of goods and services produced in the United States, from haircuts and hamburgers to airplanes and automobiles.

The government will provide two updated estimates of first-quarter growth based on more complete data. Whatever the revised data show, estimated first-quarter growth will likely remain far above the economy's scant 0.4 percent growth rate in the October-December quarter.

In a healthy economy, with an unemployment rate between 5 percent and 6 percent, GDP growth of 2.5 percent or 3 percent would be considered solid. But in today's still-struggling recovery, with unemployment at 7.6 percent, the economy needs faster growth to generate enough jobs to quickly shrink unemployment.

Since the Great Recession officially ended in June 2009, growth has remained weaker than usual after a severe downturn. In part, that's because the recession followed the worst financial crisis since Great Depression. The economy expanded just 2.4 percent in 2010, 1.8 percent in 2011 and 2.2 percent in 2012.

This had been expected to be the year when growth would finally reach a more robust 3 percent to 4 percent pace. But across-the-board government spending cuts, which began taking effect March 1, have made that unlikely. The cuts are forcing agencies to furlough workers, reducing spending on public projects and making businesses nervous about investing and hiring.

Unless Congress and the White House reach a deal to reverse them, the government spending cuts will continue through the end of the year and beyond.

Consumers' take-home pay has also fallen because President Barack Obama and Congress allowed a Social Security tax cut to expire. A person earning $50,000 a year has about $1,000 less to spend this year. A household with two high-paid workers has up to $4,500 less. Consumers' take-home pay is crucial to the economy because their spending drives roughly 70 percent of growth.

Americans appeared to shake off the tax increase at the start of the year. They spent more in January and February, powered by a stronger job market.

But hiring slowed sharply in March. And consumers spent less at retail businesses, a sign that many were starting to feel the effects of the Social Security tax increase. Economists expect spending to stay weak in the April-June quarter as consumers adjust to smaller paychecks.

Ben Herzon, an economist at Macroeconomics Advisers, thinks the tax increases could shave roughly 1 percentage point from growth this year. He expects the government spending cuts to reduce growth by a further 0.6 percentage point.

The drop in government spending cut growth in the January-March quarter by 0.8 percentage point.

Three-fourths of that decline came from defense spending. The past two quarterly declines in defense spending ? at a 22.1 percent annual pace in the fourth quarter and 11.5 percent in the first quarter ? have been the sharpest such back-to-back drops since the Korean War was winding down in the 1950s.

Many large developing countries are growing much faster than the United States. China's economy expanded 7.7 percent in the first three months of the year compared with a year earlier ? and that was a slowdown from its previous double-digit growth. Indonesia's economy grew 6.2 percent in 2012, India's 4.1 percent.

But among developed countries, the United States is still performing relatively well. Most of Europe is stuck in a second year of recession. Germany's economy grew just 0.7 percent in 2012. France's didn't grow at all. Italy's shrank 2.4 percent.

And in the January-March quarter, Britain grew at an annual rate of just 1.2 percent, less than half the estimated U.S. pace.

Last quarter, U.S. companies were more cautious about spending on computers, machinery and facilities, possibly because of the looming government spending cuts and higher taxes. Business investment grew at an annual rate of just 2.1 percent, down from a 13.2 percent rate in the fourth quarter.

That slowdown could hurt hiring in coming months. If companies buy fewer machines or build fewer stores or factories, they will likely fill fewer jobs.

U.S. income growth adjusted for inflation fell in the January-March quarter after a surge in the final three months of 2012. The fourth-quarter gain had reflected a rush to pay dividends and make bonus payments before higher tax rates took effect Jan. 1. Incomes were also held back last quarter by the higher Social Security tax. After paying taxes, incomes fell at an annual rate of 5.3 percent in the first quarter after surging 6.2 percent in the fourth quarter.

The jump in consumer spending, along with slower income growth, meant that the saving rate fell to 2.6 percent of after-tax income in the first quarter. That was down from 4.7 percent in the October-December quarter.

One area where consumers are feeling some relief is at the gas pump: The national average price for a gallon of gas has fallen by 29 cents since Feb. 27 to $3.50.

Cheaper gas helps the economy because it makes goods less expensive to transport and gives consumers more money to spend on other things. Over the course of a year, a decline of 10 cents a gallon translates to roughly $13 billion in savings at the pump.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/near-stall-2012-us-economy-picks-195947310.html

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Computer scientists suggest new spin on origins of evolvability: Competition to survive not necessary?

Apr. 26, 2013 ? Scientists have long observed that species seem to have become increasingly capable of evolving in response to changes in the environment. But computer science researchers now say that the popular explanation of competition to survive in nature may not actually be necessary for evolvability to increase.

In a paper published this week in PLOS ONE, the researchers report that evolvability can increase over generations regardless of whether species are competing for food, habitat or other factors.

Using a simulated model they designed to mimic how organisms evolve, the researchers saw increasing evolvability even without competitive pressure.

"The explanation is that evolvable organisms separate themselves naturally from less evolvable organisms over time simply by becoming increasingly diverse," said Kenneth O. Stanley, an associate professor at the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida. He co-wrote the paper about the study along with lead author Joel Lehman, a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Texas at Austin.

The finding could have implications for the origins of evolvability in many species.

"When new species appear in the future, they are most likely descendants of those that were evolvable in the past," Lehman said. "The result is that evolvable species accumulate over time even without selective pressure."

During the simulations, the team's simulated organisms became more evolvable without any pressure from other organisms out-competing them. The simulations were based on a conceptual algorithm.

"The algorithms used for the simulations are abstractly based on how organisms are evolved, but not on any particular real-life organism," explained Lehman.

The team's hypothesis is unique and is in contrast to most popular theories for why evolvability increases.

"An important implication of this result is that traditional selective and adaptive explanations for phenomena such as increasing evolvability deserve more scrutiny and may turn out unnecessary in some cases," Stanley said.

Stanley is an associate professor at UCF. He has a bachelor's of science in engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and a doctorate in computer science from the University of Texas at Austin. He serves on the editorial boards of several journals. He has over 70 publications in competitive venues and has secured grants worth more than $1 million. His works in artificial intelligence and evolutionary computation have been cited more than 4,000 times.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Central Florida.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Joel Lehman, Kenneth O. Stanley. Evolvability Is Inevitable: Increasing Evolvability without the Pressure to Adapt. PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (4): e62186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062186

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/yFudqCEhgpw/130426115612.htm

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Talk is cheap: South African Regulator Allows Pornographic TV ...

South Africa?s communications regulator, ICASA, on Wednesday gave permission for satellite television network TopTV to broadcast three ?sexually explicit? channels, saying there was no legal basis to reject the application.

The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) said channels Playboy TV, Desire TV and Private Spice would likely be on the air within six months.

?It is the authority?s view that indeed there is no basis or law for the rejection of TopTV?s application,? ICASA spokesman Paseka Maleka said in a statement.

A previous bid by TopTV last year was turned down. This time, its management cited constitutional guarantees of

freedom of expression and choice, arguing that programs would not breach the law on hate speech or incitement to violence nor would they demean women or children.

Maleka said the sexually explicit channels would be accessible from 8 p.m. to 5 a.m., and TopTV needed to ensure security measures, including a double pin code, were in place to protect children.

TopTV, owned by On Digital Media and whose shareholders include Luxembourg-based telecoms operator SES Astra, was not available immediately for comment.

Source: http://www.gossipersonline.com/2013/04/south-african-regulator-allows.html

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Wall Street climbs on earnings, but Exxon and 3M drag

By Chuck Mikolajczak

NEW YORK (Reuters) - Stocks edged higher on Thursday, as investors digested a raft of earnings and a drop in initial jobless claims, though declines in Dow components ExxonMobil and 3M Co capped the advance.

United Parcel Service Inc , considered an economic bellwether, advanced 1.5 percent to $84.74 after the world's largest package-delivery company reported a quarterly profit above analysts' estimates.

Akamai Technologies Inc surged 18 percent to $42.59 as the best performer on the S&P 500 after the internet content delivery company posted first-quarter earnings above Wall Street estimates and forecast second-quarter results above analysts' expectations late on Wednesday.

"Investors coming into this earnings season were quite fearful, so even modestly positive news becomes great news and that is what we've experienced for the last several days," said Lawrence Creatura, portfolio manager at Federated Investors in Rochester, New York.

"It's probably a little early in the earnings season to talk about aggregate results but it's important to recognize that earnings are growing and so higher prices are deserved."

But declines in ExxonMobil and 3M Co briefly dragged the Dow into negative territory and curbed gains on the S&P 500.

ExxonMobil Corp dipped 1.4 percent to $88.15. The largest U.S. company by market capitalization said its quarterly profit edged up, helped by its chemicals business, but oil and gas production fell.

Fellow Dow component 3M Co lost 3.7 percent to $103.86 after the diversified U.S. manufacturer posted first-quarter earnings and revenue that missed Wall Street expectations and cut its 2013 profit forecast.

Economic data showed initial claims for state unemployment benefits in the latest week dropped 16,000 to a seasonally adjusted 339,000 versus expectations for 351,000.

The Dow Jones industrial average <.dji> gained 8.02 points, or 0.05 percent, to 14,684.32. The Standard & Poor's 500 Index <.spx> added 4.48 points, or 0.28 percent, to 1,583.27. The Nasdaq Composite Index <.ixic> rose 18.60 points, or 0.57 percent, to 3,288.25.

Cliffs Natural Resources Inc jumped 14 percent to $20.78 after the iron ore and metallurgical coal miner posted earnings late on Wednesday that were much better than analysts had estimated.

Qualcomm Inc lost 5.4 percent to $62.43 after the mobile chipmaker forecast earnings below expectations late Wednesday.

Companies expected to post earnings after the close include Amazon.com Inc and Starbucks .

Verizon Communications Inc rose 2.1 percent to $52.87 after sources told Reuters it has hired advisers to prepare a possible $100 billion cash and stock bid to take full control of Verizon Wireless from joint venture partner, Vodafone Group Plc .

Earnings season has been largely positive, with 68.4 percent of S&P 500 companies that have reported results through Wednesday morning beating expectations, according to Thomson Reuters data through Tuesday morning. Since 1994, 63 percent have surpassed estimates on average, while the beat rate is 67 percent for the past four quarters.

Analysts see earnings growth of 3.1 percent this quarter, up from expectations of 1.5 percent at the start of the month.

Revenues, however, have been disappointing, with only 40.1 percent of 119 reported companies having topped expectations, well short of the 62 percent average since 2002 and the 52 percent beat rate for the past four quarters.

(Editing by Bernadette Baum)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/stock-index-futures-signal-slightly-higher-open-081750934--finance.html

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Fossilized bird egg sells at auction for more than $100,000

BERLIN, April 26 (Reuters) - Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund striker Robert Lewandowski have not signed a deal, the newly-crowned champions said on Friday, shooting down widespread speculation of another surprise transfer. "Bayern, as opposed to some reports, has no contract with Robert Lewandowski," the Bavarian Champions League semi-finalists said in a brief two-line statement. ...

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/fossilized-bird-egg-sells-auction-more-100-000-212736083.html

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Friday, April 26, 2013

4 Easy Tactics to Add High Impact for Your Online Business

New technology has made many old time marketing and advertising strategies and methods obsolete. For example, direct mail is too tedious and costly to be effective. Full page color ads in newspapers and magazines are also way too costly. Since circulation has been down for years, there is no way that they could have the impact of yesteryear.

Even email marketing, while trendy and technologically proficient is not targeted enough to work well. Below are 4 cost effective tactics that .net website development experts use to assist businesses in their marketing efforts.

1. What? does the target market need and want

Participate in forums and place comments where appropriate that answers questions, provides advice and other useful information. This process will allow you to learn about what the target audience wants to know about. Using that information, business owners may craft engaging and informative content that will help to establish the business and draw in new prospects.

2. Grow business authority with targeted articles

The Internet has changed the game for public relations, marketing and advertising. For traditional mediums like radio, print and TV, businesses spend time trying to convince reporters and influencers to talk about products and services. Online, it is possible to write and offer content that appears to be as though it were produced by someone else. This content can then be placed with the help of .net website development professionals in a number of channels to reach the public.

Distribute content wisely by choosing industry trade sites and other relevant places where the target market is expected to be. When posting articles on the business site, .net website development firms can ensure that they are optimized so that the search engines will accept them. One way to do this is to use effective keywords in a natural way in content that people using search engines are looking for. For example, when they want to solve an issue or problem, or buy certain items. Publishing articles that show how certain products enhance the consumer?s life is also a great strategy.

3. Utilize web conferencing

Rather than focus on in-person events ? think about ways to incite the same level of interest that would be done at a trade show or other business event. A .net website development professional can offer advice on which firms to use that will attract the target market.

The most effective sales demos typically do not seem like sales demos. Rather, they offer friendly advice that inspires prospects to further interact with the company. How-tos and discussions with industry leaders are also great ways to design subject matter.

Do phone surveys and chats online to connect with the target market. Ask prospects what their preferences are to determine what they need. This will also help to identify the primary market for products and services. Then that market can be directed to the content or home page and site sections that contain more precise information addressing their specific concerns.

4. Delegate Delegate Delegate

This will free time so that business owners can focus upon business development and expansion at networking events and other important activities. For instance, a .net website development firm could help with arranging and distributing content automatically.

Monitor and review new content so that the writing matches the branding message. Then develop new material from each piece for other markets. For instance, take an article and cut it into bite sized blogs for other placement on the web.

?

Source: http://www.enterprisedojo.com/4-easy-tactics-to-add-high-impact-for-your-online-business/

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T-Mobile Forced to Change ?Contract? Terms | Maboot.com

Over the last several months, we have seen tons of changes being made in the cell phone industry. It all started when the cell phone companies decided to speak with government officials about the potential of illegalizing the jail breaking, or unlocking, of cell phones for use on another carrier?s network. They claimed that this was cutting into their business since they are essentially designing cell phones as a way to lure people into signing a contract with their company.

However, if someone could unlock the cell phone to where it would work with any carrier, they would have no incentive to switch carriers; thus hurting the manufacturing carrier?s company.

Then, we have seen numerous cell phone providers come up with some pretty aggressive plans as yet another way to persuade potential customers to go ahead and sign the contract with them. T-Mobile is the latest company to make a very aggressive offer that should appeal to a lot of cell phone users. They are now offering contract-free cell phone services, which is a great way to escape the thought of being stuck with a provider for two years if their service begins to decline over the course of the contract. Sure, T-Mobile is not the first cell phone service to offer month by month service, but they are the first with a big reputation.

However, T-Mobile is currently dealing with one major problem in relation to their new month to month plans. They had apparently been misrepresenting the cost of the phone and how the financing plans worked when someone would purchase a phone to use on their network. As a result, the Attorney General in Washington State has required them to make some major revisions.

Of the revisions T-Mobile is to make, ensuring that there is adequate information in the contract about the financing plan for the phone and having clear communication about the reprimands of cancelling the contract are two of the biggest issues T-Mobile is to work on. T-Mobile has also been ordered to pay in excess of $26,000 in attorney fees for the revisions.

Along with the revisions T-Mobile is required to make, they also have to give users an opportunity to cancel their current plans and return their cell phones for a full refund as long as they were purchased between March 26 and April 25 and are undamaged.


Source: http://maboot.com/t-mobile-forced-to-change-contract-terms/

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Dual-SIM Samsung Galaxy S 4 launches in China with an Exynos 5 Octa inside

Dual-SIM Samsung Galaxy S 4 launches in China with an Exynos 5 Octa inside

Remember the leaked GT-i9502, that dual-SIM variant of the Galaxy S 4 that ultimately confirmed many rumors? That smartphone is at last exists beyond a collection of photos, as Samsung just launched it for China Unicom customers. The support for an extra cellular line is naturally the highlight, although there's another perk for GS 4 connoisseurs: the i9502 has the same 1.6GHz Exynos 5 Octa processor as the i9500, which might eke out more performance than the Snapdragon 600 models. There isn't any word on whether or not the i9502 edition will leave China, although we wouldn't count on European or North American editions when there isn't LTE inside to please 4G-obsessed carriers.

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Via: GSMArena

Source: Samsung (translated)

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/26/dual-sim-samsung-galaxy-s-4-launches-in-china/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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Earth's center is 1,000 degrees hotter than previously thought, synchrotron X-ray experiment shows

Apr. 25, 2013 ? Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth's centre to be 6000 degrees Celsius, 1000 degrees hotter than in a previous experiment run 20 years ago. These measurements confirm geophysical models that the temperature difference between the solid core and the mantle above, must be at least 1500 degrees to explain why the Earth has a magnetic field. The scientists were even able to establish why the earlier experiment had produced a lower temperature figure.

The results are published on 26 April 2013 in Science.

The research team was led by Agn?s Dewaele from the French national technological research organization CEA, alongside members of the French National Center for Scientific Research CNRS and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ESRF in Grenoble (France).

The Earth's core consists mainly of a sphere of liquid iron at temperatures above 4000 degrees and pressures of more than 1.3 million atmospheres. Under these conditions, iron is as liquid as the water in the oceans. It is only at the very centre of the Earth, where pressure and temperature rise even higher, that the liquid iron solidifies. Analysis of earthquake-triggered seismic waves passing through the Earth, tells us the thickness of the solid and liquid cores, and even how the pressure in the Earth increases with depth. However these waves do not provide information on temperature, which has an important influence on the movement of material within the liquid core and the solid mantle above. Indeed the temperature difference between the mantle and the core is the main driver of large-scale thermal movements, which together with the Earth's rotation, act like a dynamo generating the Earth's magnetic field. The temperature profile through the Earth's interior also underpins geophysical models that explain the creation and intense activity of hot-spot volcanoes like the Hawaiian Islands or La R?union.

To generate an accurate picture of the temperature profile within the Earth's centre, scientists can look at the melting point of iron at different pressures in the laboratory, using a diamond anvil cell to compress speck-sized samples to pressures of several million atmospheres, and powerful laser beams to heat them to 4000 or even 5000 degrees Celsius."In practice, many experimental challenges have to be met," explains Agn?s Dewaele from CEA, "as the iron sample has to be insulated thermally and also must not be allowed to chemically react with its environment. Even if a sample reaches the extreme temperatures and pressures at the centre of the Earth, it will only do so for a matter of seconds. In this short timeframe it is extremely difficult to determine whether it has started to melt or is still solid."

This is where X-rays come into play. "We have developed a new technique where an intense beam of X-rays from the synchrotron can probe a sample and deduce whether it is solid, liquid or partially molten within as little as a second, using a process known diffraction," says Mohamed Mezouar from the ESRF, "and this is short enough to keep temperature and pressure constant, and at the same time avoid any chemical reactions."

The scientists determined experimentally the melting point of iron up to 4800 degrees Celsius and 2.2 million atmospheres pressure, and then used an extrapolation method to determine that at 3.3 million atmospheres, the pressure at the border between liquid and solid core, the temperature would be 6000 +/- 500 degrees. This extrapolated value could slightly change if iron undergoes an unknown phase transition between the measured and the extrapolated values.

When the scientists scanned across the area of pressures and temperatures, they observed why Reinhard Boehler, then at the MPI for Chemistry in Mainz (Germany), had in 1993 published values about 1000 degrees lower. Starting at 2400 degrees, recrystallization effects appear on the surface of the iron samples, leading to dynamic changes of the solid iron's crystalline structure. The experiment twenty years ago used an optical technique to determine whether the samples were solid or molten, and it is highly probable that the observation of recrystallization at the surface was interpreted as melting.

"We are of course very satisfied that our experiment validated today's best theories on heat transfer from the Earth's core and the generation of the Earth's magnetic field. I am hopeful that in the not-so-distant future, we can reproduce in our laboratories, and investigate with synchrotron X-rays, every state of matter inside the Earth," concludes Agn?s Dewaele.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal References:

  1. S. Anzellini, A. Dewaele, M. Mezouar, P. Loubeyre, G. Morard. Melting of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction. Science, 2013; 340 (6131): 464 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233514
  2. R. Boehler. Temperatures in the Earth's core from melting-point measurements of iron at high static pressures. Nature, 1993; 363 (6429): 534 DOI: 10.1038/363534a0

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/IAZlNezwVJ4/130425142355.htm

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